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Mean, Median, Mode, and Standard Deviation Explained

There are three common measures of "average" — each tells a different story about your data:

• Mean: Sum of all values divided by count. Best for symmetric data without extreme outliers. Example: [10, 20, 30] → mean = 20.
• Median: The middle value when sorted. Better than mean when there are outliers. Example: [10, 20, 100] → median = 20 (but mean = 43.3, skewed by 100).
• Mode: The most frequently occurring value. Useful for categorical data. Example: [1, 2, 2, 3, 4] → mode = 2.

Standard deviation measures how spread out values are from the mean. A small standard deviation means values cluster near the mean; a large one means they are spread out widely. For the dataset [10, 20, 30]: mean = 20, standard deviation = 8.16.

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